Non Conformity and Society Essay

Even though an overwhelming number of people believe that law and its implementation is the decisive factor that determines the success of a society. But is this generalization justified? Tim Li explores whether this idea is reality or just another myth. A society is based on a system of rules and regulations which all individuals are expected to abide by. Conformity, in general, means to go in accordance with those rules that govern our society. For instance, a group is going for camping; now that group cannot function if each of their individual members do not display a reasonable extent of conformity. This e.g. implies that even though the literal meaning of conformity remains the same, the way the people embrace it changes. To a large extent on conformity is needed for the success and improvement of a society. In the following article, I will explain conformity by discussing about Copernicus, Euthanasia and the growth of science. About 600 years ago, the church was considered law. No one could defy its teachings and whosoever did so was publicly beheaded. One of the theories of the church was that the earth was the center of the universe and that other planets revolved around it. Copernicus was a genius who had a great interest in astronomy. It was he who stated that the sin was the hub around which all other planets revolved. In this case Copernicus was a non conformist i.e. he believed in something that was against the religious teachings/implications of the church, but his being non conformist was the sole cause of the development of a theory that bought about a great change in the scientific perspective of astronomy. At present a very serious issue has jumped into the consideration and thinking of the society. The government is pondering on whether to accept the growing numbers of Euthanasia or to deny them. Euthanasia is when people suffering from long term chronic .are non conformist i.e. who don’t want to live are benefited more than other people suffering from the same types of diseases. Here conformity does not help, or in other words, it is better to be a non conformist. Science too, plays a decisive role on our changing society. It surrounds us completely, from a common light bulb to aero planes and space travel. In short, a society cannot function without science. A critical analysis of science suggests that new discoveries in science break laws on which our older societies and generations are built on. E.g. Until the 1900’s everyone believed that man cannot fly, but now science has broken that barrier, it is therefore a non conformist in relation to that law which was dominant at that time. Revolutionary research into stem cells has prompted a heated ethical debate between the church and the scientific faction. So, if this situation is examined, the church has always seen science as a ‘hard core’ criminal but that form of science is needed for the mere existence of a society. All these arguments reinforce the original statement that some degree of non conformity is needed for a successful society. Although too much conformity means the elimination of all crimes, it also implies the abrupt stop in scientific technology and I can’t live in Stone age, can you?

Evidences and Reflections of an Artist

Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1610) was more than the greatest sculptor of the Baroque period. He was also an architect, painter, playwright, composer and theater designer. A brilliant wit and caricaturist, he wrote comedies and operas when not carving marbles as easily as clay. More than any other artist, with his public foundations, religious art, and designs for St. Peter’s, he left his mark on the face of Rome (Strickland and Boswell, 1992). â€Å"The Ecstasy of St. Theresa† and â€Å"Apollo and Daphne† are evidences of Bernini’s outstanding skills.Bernini’s marble sculpture, â€Å"The Ecstasy of St. Theresa†, represented the saint swooning on a cloud with an expression of mingled ecstasy and exhaustion on her face. Since the Counter Reformation Church stressed the value of its members reliving Christ’s passion, Bernini tried to induce an intense religious experience in worshipers (Strickland and Boswell, 1992). On the other hand, few works in the history of sculpture are more admired for the sheer skill of their carving than Bernini’s â€Å"Apollo and Daphne†.Bernini began the â€Å"Apollo and â€Å"Daphne† in 1622 and had largely completed it by 1624, the last year of his employment with Cardinal Scipione Borghese. The â€Å"Apollo and Daphne† has come to stand as the perfect antithesis to the modernist principle of â€Å"truth to materials†, the ultimate illustration of the artist defying his medium’s very nature (Sofaer, 2007). For both works, Bernini used all the resources of operatic stagecraft, creating a total artistic environment (Strickland and Boswell, 1992). Being able to observe Bernini’s extraordinary skills in art is a truly noteworthy and significant experience.Just watching his works through the video made me feel the ecstasy, the pursuit and the love contained within those works. Somehow, it makes me want to sculpt a masterpiece of my own, reflec ting my own skill and my own knowledge. Michaelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio’s (1571-1610) genius resided in his ability to overlay one principle upon another, to cross aesthetic boundaries seamlessly while seldom calling attention to the means by which he did so. Moreover, even when he was painting the human figure, Caravaggio was a still-life painter at heart.Caravaggio’s â€Å"Basket of Fruit† has been dated by modern scholars to the years 1593 to 1600, with most placing it closer to the end than the beginning of the first phase of his career. If indeed datable to the moment of his emergence as a public painter in the Contarelli Chapel, the little picture was not one of the realistic depictions of â€Å"flowers and fruit†. Coming at a critical juncture in his professional career, one can imagine the â€Å"Basket of Fruit† serving as a polemical expression of his ideas on the nature of creativity itself.In this work, he blended the lowly method of Ligozzi’s mimetic and didactic illustrations with higher-minded emulations of ancient literary and visual sources, prompted perhaps by his awareness of the current fashion for Northern still-life painting among collectors like Del Monte himself (Varriano, 2006). In the first Roman years, Caravaggio was isolated. He was rushed to hospital for a malaria attack, as witnessed in the famous self-portrait â€Å"Sick Bacchus† in the Galleria Borghese (Pomella, 2004). The â€Å"Sick Bacchus† is a meditation on the theme of â€Å"love’s sting†, that is, on the woes of love gone awry.During the Baroque, the awareness of point of view led, for the first time in Western history, to something which can be considered today as self-reflection, a self-consciousness of the human individual (Bal, 1999). Studying â€Å"The Incredulity of Saint Thomas’, also known as â€Å"Doubting Thomas†, it may come as no surprise to learn that Caravaggio failed to w in the commission to paint a resurrection for the Jesuits. By the time he had completed this painting, Caravaggio’s notion of a â€Å"religious† image had already worried Counter-Reformation churchmen.His reputation for painting in a style which has neither sacred, nor profane, but a hybrid of the two, had attracted uneasy commentary among potential ecclesiastical patrons. In this respect, the â€Å"Incredulity of St. Thomas† might almost be read as gauntlet thrown in the face of counter-reformation orthodoxy. This works is an evidence for Caravaggio’s decision to explore the central mystery of the Christian faith, the incarnation and the resurrection, with what might, tendentiously, be termed an almost Protestant literal-mindedness (Porter, 1997).To be able to understand the personality of Caravaggio through his works, as observed from the video, is an unforgettable occurrence for me. It had shown me that sometimes, there are certain things which artists have to do that defies the society and still, defines them as a whole individual or as a skilled artist. It also made me understand that most of the time, the paintings or artworks do not simply show particular sceneries or another model, but reflects the skills, personality and visions of the creator itself. References Bal, M. (1999). Quoting Caravaggio: Contemporary Art, Preposterous History.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Pomella, A. (2004). Caravaggio: Art Courses. ATS Italia Editrice. Porter, R. (1997). Rewriting the Self: Histories from the Renaissance to the Present. New York: Routledge. Sofaer, J. (2007). Material Identities. Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Strickland, C. and J. Boswell. (1992). The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post-modern. Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing. Varriano, J. (2006). Caravaggio: The Art of Realism. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

Miracles: Possible of Not

It was not till the Enlightenment that the question began to be seriously asked, as to whether miracles are possible or not. Prior to this miracle was the substance of life in all strata of society, not only the unlettered. Belief in miracles emboldened belief per se. In the age of faith religion was the foundation of life, and belief in miracles indispensable to it. But with the rise of science and rationalism, and the corresponding demise of religion, the aspect of miracle too lost standing in the concerns of people. Where science was poised and eager to explain all observed phenomena, belief in miracles was an obvious casualty. According to David Hume’s definition, a miracle is â€Å"a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent† (1993, p. 77). The mere suggestion of a transgression of natural law was beginning to sound like a heresy to scientifically accustomed ears, even though attributed to the Deity. This paper examines the eighteenth century responses to the question of whether miracles or possible or not, and then broadens the scope to include modern and ancient perspectives. Hume was the first to tackle the question squarely, in the chapter titled â€Å"Of Miracles† in the 1948 publication An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. From purely metaphysical considerations the conclusion is that miracles are indeed possible. We must remember that the core of Hume’s philosophy is empirical skepticism. The materialists, weaned on the mechanics of Newton, were pronouncing outright miracles impossible. The laws of motion and gravity were successfully explaining the heavenly bodies, and hardly anyone suspected that they were not universal in scope. Newtonian mechanics has no place for miracles. This was almost a proof of the invalidity of miracles. But the proud determinism that they espoused had no philosophical foundation to it. Descartes, and the Cartesians, tried desperately for a metaphysics of materialism, but to know avail. Finally Hume overthrew all the strained Cartesian designs, and advanced a devastating critique of reason, as applied to empirical sense data, to deliver objective knowledge. It turned Enlightenment thinking on its head. Knowledge is not possible, and yet miracles are. The philosophers of materialism were stuck on the question as to how it is at all possible that mind interacts with matter. This is indeed a miracle of the highest order, and Hume cannot help but paint the wonder that is inherent in such an idea: For first: Is there any principle in all nature more mysterious than the union of soul with body; by which a supposed spiritual substance acquires such an influence over a material one, that the most refined thought is able to actuate the grossest matter? (Ibid 43) Hume draws the conclusion that it is quite impossible to describe or explain such a thing. So we cannot talk about interaction at all, not even in the parallel case where one inanimate object imparts momentum to another. We talk about the first body causing motion in the second, but we cannot describe an interaction having taken place between cause and effect. We can only observe that the effect has followed the cause, as if two separated events conjoined in time. There is no necessity that the effect must always follow the cause. If we do come to such a conclusion it can only be due to the fact that we have become accustomed to expect such. He then probes into the situation where the effect is unexpected. It seems that the laws of nature has been violated, and we begin to pronounce that a miracle has occurred. But we are hasty to do so, Hume points out. Just because we expect a certain outcome doesn’t imply that natural law dictates the same. He offers the example of the Indian who has never known snow hails miracle when he sees it falling, because nothing in his experience has prepared him for it. Sometimes our science makes us feel that we know the sum extent of natural law. The essence of Hume’s philosophy is that we do not know natural law, and the extent of out ability, regards knowledge, is to infer from experience. He thus leaves room for divine intervention, for natural law is in the hands of the Almighty, only that Hume is not prone to listen to the tall tales of the coarse and the gullible regarding miracles: Though the Being to whom the miracle is ascribed, be Almighty, it [the miracle] does not, upon that account, become a whit more probable, since it is impossible for us to know the attributes or actions of such a Being, otherwise than from the experience of his productions, in the usual course of nature. This still reduces us to past observations†¦ (Ibid 89) Hume is virulent and protracted in his attack against the popular report of miracles, which he thinks has more to do with base psychology than with proper faith. The common lot is so eager to see miracles that it latches on to any hoax and fraud that comes its way, and this is what Hume finds despicable. Such an attitude is understandable coming from a philosopher of the Enlightenment. However, if he had shown a little more empathy towards the gullible he would have recognized that the yearning for miracle is but a testimony of its preciousness. A Chinese proverb reads: â€Å"The miracle is not to fly in the air, or to walk on the water, but to walk on the earth† (qtd. in Moore, 2006, p. 69). However, it does not feel like a partaking in a miracle while walking the earth in one’s daily odyssey of toil and tears. People need to see explicit miracles only to keep them in touch with the miracle of life itself. Prayer itself, as the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev puts it, is prayer but for a miracle: â€Å"Every prayer reduces itself to this: ‘Great God grant that twice two be not four’† (qtd. in Andrews, 1987, p. 207). Some scientists are finally coming to accept that miracles are indeed possible. Not in the sense in which Hume described it, who defined a miracle as a violation of natural law. He too insists that natural law cannot be violated, and miracle in that sense is impossible. When we come across a miracle we recognize it as such because it violates natural law, only as far as our limited understanding of natural law is concerned. Experience has taught us to expect nature to behave in certain ways, and for all intents and purposes this is natural law for us, the observer. When we observe the unexpected we feel that natural law has been violated, but it may only a new experience for us, like the Indian that Hume describes as coming across the miracle of snow. Polkinghorne therefore suggests an alternative description of miracle, which is not a violation of nature, but instead â€Å"exploration of a new regime of physical experience† (2001, p. 59). All our expectations derive from custom, says Hume, and therefore our worldview is indeed a science of probabilities. That which we expect to happen is probable, but no one can vouchsafe it as certain. Therefore the door is always left open to the improbable. All miracles must find berth in the bracket of improbability. If Hume put it so before the advent of modern science, at the very frontiers of that same science the verdict came back the same. Scientists are by and large determinists, as regards their philosophy. Indeed, the must be so necessarily, for the method of science, as outlined by Francis Bacon in the seventeenth century, induces from empirical evidence the fixed laws of nature. As he asserts in the New Organon, â€Å"I open and lay out a new and certain path for the mind to proceed in, starting directly from the simple sensuous perception† [italics my own] (7). The entire rationale behind such a method is the promise of certainty, as regards knowledge. All scientists necessarily have this object in view, as followers of the method of Bacon. It is agreed among them that the apex of this science is quantum physics. According to this discipline, there is no certain knowledge, not of an atomic particle’s position, nor of its velocity. The rule is codified in Heisenberg’s principle of uncertainty. It lays out a science of probabilities, with the aid of the highest mathematics and the most advanced principles of physics. Yet the essence of it is exactly the same as what Hume put forward as â€Å"custom†. In conclusion, we declare miracles possible or not depending on how we define a miracle. If we insist that it is a violation of natural law, then we must declare it impossible. On the other hand, if it is a highly improbable event, then it is by definition possible. We must remember that the realm of the improbable contains things beyond our wildest expectations, and therefore if we come across such we may mistake it for a violation of nature. References Andrews, R. (1987). The Routledge Dictionary of Quotations. New York: Routledge. Bacon, F. (2000). The New Organon. L. Jardine, M. Silverthorne (Eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hume, D. (1993). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. E. Steinberg (Ed.) Boston: Hackett Publishing. Moore, D. (2006). Zen Wisdom: Magnetic Quotes and Proverbs. Kennebunkport, ME: Cider Mill Press Book Publishers. Polkinghorne, J. C. (2001). Faith, Science and Understanding. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Functions of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Functions of Management - Essay Example An example of planning function occurs when the retailer wants to expand its operations to new markets. Organizing function involves controlling the overall operations in the organization. This includes assigning of tasks, and delegating authority and responsibility to some employees (Fox, 2009). In Wal-Mart, this function is common when the retailer wants to relieve the top management some tasks in order for it to deal with external issues. Staffing is a function that involves the recruitment of the subordinates. This function ensures that the right people are hired for the job (Fox, 2009). In addition, in Wal-Mart, the process encompasses training, promoting best employees, and transferring them to different departments and subsidiaries. Controlling is a function that ensures that all operations are ongoing without any hitches. It is an important function that identifies problems and setting new standards of performance (Fox, 2009). In Wal-Mart, this function involves auditing and using performance appraisal to identify any issue that might affect the performance of the

Why did so many people emigrate from Ireland to Britain and the USA Essay

Why did so many people emigrate from Ireland to Britain and the USA between 1850 and 1914 - Essay Example However, all such factors shall be discussed later on in the essay as we progress with it. All such emigrants moved along to various regions of the world, with America and Britain being most prominent ones as people believed that going to such counties would enable them to lead a superior lifestyle. Research has shown that somewhere around sixty five million to seventy five million people around the globe come from an Irish decent. These figures themselves speak of the mass scale emigration that took place in the country during the eighteenth and the nineteenth century. What is rather ironic is the fact that America has been home to the largest Irish community abroad. It has been observed from statistics alone that around thirty six million Americans have an Irish background or they claim to have their ancestry from Ireland. What is more shocking however is the fact that this figure of thirty six million people is more than nine times the population of Ireland itself. Research into f acts has shown that one of the main reasons which resulted in such mass scale emigration was the Great Irish Famine. This Famine began in 1846 and went on for a period of six years to 1852 (IRELAND, 1997). Just between 1815 to the Great Famine period, somewhere between eight hundred thousand to a million people left Ireland for settling in North America. It shall also be noted here that the eighteen hundred thousand emigrants who left Ireland between 1845 and 1855, the period that coincided with the pre and post Great Famine period, came from a much economically lower status as compared to those who had moved to the United States of America prior to that period. This reason behind this mass scale movement isn’t much difficult to point out as the harsh conditions brought by the drought were enough motivation in itself for the Irish people to leave the country in search of a better future (DEIGNAN, 2003). This emigration however, was not only limited to the pre and post famine period. This emigration went on till around middle of the nineteenth century as the domestic economy of Ireland failed to perform well after the great and deadly Famine. Other reasons which can be deemed to have contributed to this movement include the shift in methods of farming to tillage based from pasture. Also, the Irish law was designed in a very peculiar manner as it permitted inheriting of the parents’ farms not by all of their sons, but only the eldest. This law was of extremely non-impartial nature and after the famine there already weren’t many opportunities left for the younger sons of a family (BIELENBERG, 2000). Therefore a lot of people also left the country to go somewhere where laws were equal and where their future could have been safe and secure. Major emigration of the Irish people owing to the Great Famine witnessed a rather shocking drop in Ireland’s population. Statistics have shown that the country’s population went on to stand at just forty four hundred thousand in 1911 in comparison to sixty five hundred thousand in 1851 and roughly around ninety hundred in the 1840’s. Other than the Great Famine, there were also various other reason which contributed to the large scale emigration that took place in the country. One of the main reasons was that the demand for agricultural workers had fallen dramatically owing to the rough conditions of the agricultural land post famine. It shall also be mentioned that the wage rates in the United States of America were much higher in comparison to Ireland and that also caused a strong desire in the Irish people to move there and make a healthy livelihood for their families. Another factor which

Why was American management criticised so much in the 1980s, so widely Essay

Why was American management criticised so much in the 1980s, so widely admired in the 1990s, and now so despised again - Essay Example Britain ruled the world for a longer period and even America was a British colony once. However, Britain failed to sustain their supremacy whereas America emerged as a superpower. America succeeded in emerging as the sole superpower in the world, after the destruction of former Soviet Union. Industrial revolution and enormous technological development helped America to maintain their top spot intact among the global economies. However, American style of management faced mixed response from international community over the last few centuries. Politics, religion, scientific development etc succeeded in making immense changes in American style of management periodically. America is a democratic country for a longer period. â€Å"Until World War 1, the influence of religion on American business was far reaching. Yet religion failed to provide organizational ideas for human relations† (Guillen, 1994, p.30). ... Business owners thought that the managers will handle everything properly and they can take a break from the business. The above assumption proved to be wrong as the managerial executives tried to exploit their increased power in inadequate manner. Mismanagement stories were started to come out in large numbers from prominent organizations in the 80’s as a result of managerial capitalism. According to Heskett (2007) â€Å"Companies taken over by private equity groups or managerial executives have been stripped of their assets †¦ and hold unsustainable debt burdens†(Heskett, 2007). Managers enjoyed or claimed the majority corporate success than the original owners or the workers. They spread the rumours that American companies are growing not because of the efficiency of their workers or the capabilities of the owners, but because of the capabilities of the efficient management force. Thus managerial executives in the 2980’s became dictators in the corporate sector as a result of the managerial capitalism. There was also a very serious banking crisis in the 1980s – what became known as the ‘savings and loan’ scandals, when many of the thousands of small banking operations around the States became insolvent. Banks became ‘hemmed in by government restrictions. Moreover, banks watched helplessly as much of their business disappeared into the capital markets (Chapter three – The USA: the world’s foremost economic, political, and military power, n. d., p.20) Another major criticism for American management in 1980’s was the banking crisis. American government started impose strong restrictions upon banking exercises. The interest rates in America increased sharply in the late 1970s as a result of inflation. Between 1976 and 1980, interest rates

Media Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Ethics - Essay Example Ultimately, I will conclude that the primary reason many media organizations may find themselves â€Å"aiding† terrorist is not out of the inevitability of an incidental connection, but a money-oriented strategy. Unlike other commentators, Held does not try to invoke the role of news media as a fourth branch or government, but takes the position that everyone in a moral society is obliged to promote the reduction of political violence. This position, in her opinion is partially relevant for those working in the media since it plays a key role in shaping public opinion, which is ultimately the objective of those that engage in political violence. She bases her argument on the claim that the media cannot be relied on to play its moral role in the war against terror since it is predominantly driven by profit motives. Even from a laypersons perspective, the media assist common sense in decreasing incidences of political violence. However, this is not as obvious to members of the fourth estate who tend to present news in the most dramatic and emotive way possible so as to exploit public outrage or fear for increased rating and create a sense of dependency. Given current reporting trends, it is cl ear that the infamous adage, â€Å"tell the people what they want hear† is alive. For example, they will rarely provide objective coverage of the arguments for and against the views by political dissidents unless they happen to be iconic figures such as Dalai Lama. She suggest that the press should air the view of everyone involved in an incidence since many acts of terror are committed by people who feel they are ignored and want to force society to acknowledge their existence and grievances. Her proposal on this matter is on point since in many cases, would be perpetrators of political violence will not get attention from the media unless they do something drastic. Held preeminently talks about the profit motive, which she cites rightly as

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 8

International business - Essay Example Unilever is regarded as the one of the leading fast moving consumer products suppliers. The business environment of Unilever has been transformed in to a more complex and diverse phenomenon with its independent approach to managing an internationally diverse strategic operational environment, supply chain (logistics) and value chain (www.unilever.com). It owns over 400 world’s popular consumer brands of foods, beverages, personal care and cleaning agents thus offering richness and variety to a global customer base in different countries. Its overall business strategy encompasses a series of other segmental operations. Unilever has adopted a functionality-based approach to its logistic operations, value chain management and decision making in the larger context of corporate expansion, both within the UK market and other regions (Boyle, & Ottensmeyer, 2005). It sells packaged consumer goods to captive consumers who have rarely abandoned the company in preference for another. The logic behind its success is to be found in its mission statement – â€Å"meeting the everyday needs of people everywhere†. Thus out of every two households in the world one uses Unilever products. It controls roughly 90 subsidiaries in the world. It’s the second largest packaged food company in the world just behind Procter & Gamb le (www.unilever.com). Its global network of logistics and value chain has little parallel elsewhere. The current global logistic operations strategy at Unilever is largely determined by its Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) strategy, Balanced Score Card (BSC) Framework and Value, Rarity, Inimitability, Organization (VRIO) framework. In ERP the top-down perspective has helped to map out strategic partnerships with a diverse network of suppliers (Jacobs, & Chase, 2010). Thus its ERP techniques have facilitated Unilever’s value chain management functions to a greater extent by doing away with tedious and time

Analyze and review general building design and construction methods Research Paper

Analyze and review general building design and construction methods and explain the types of collapses that may occur. Explain h - Research Paper Example Which review the issues and causes associated to it and then suggest a change in the building design or a recommendation in alteration is building codes. The organization of this paper is done very similar to the steps taken in the production and improvement process of building codes and reviews of field problem, the paper will focus on the following steps, 1. Causes of collapses of buildings 2. General building design and Construction types 3. Progressive Collapse Analysis and Fire-Induced Progressive Collapse 4. Impact and modification of Fire-Induced collapse on Building Codes Causes of collapses of buildings In order to diagnose a problem and its solution we first need to understand that from where the problem starts and initiates and what its causes are. There is a wide range of causes which lead to the collapse of the buildings which include bad design in which the engineers and designer are responsible for erroneous theories, improper choice of materials or misunderstanding of their properties and etc. Then comes the faulty construction as the major cause of collapse, it may occur by weak supervision and corruption of by the contractor, use of inferior quality of steel and other material. Then another cause of failure of the structure is Foundation Failure in which there is liquefaction of soil or excessive settlement which was not forecasted in geotechnical investigation made before construction of the facility. Then unexpected failure modes is also one of the emerging reason of failures of structures, this is due to the fact that we are having a new type of structural system every day, which might be architecturally sound but it is very unstable as a structure and the lack of systems to analyze these systems are not yet developed, so there might be a failure by an unknown reason. Lastly but most important cause of failure is the Extraordinary or accidental Loadings, this has caused more catastrophes more than any other. These loading include the wind l oads, exceptional earthquakes and impact of fire on structures. The codes have been really successful in developing standards and design procedures to cater to the problem such as earth quakes and hurricanes and broad research has been done in these areas, but lesser emphasis were been made on fire loading or fire induced collapse while the formulation of revised codes until the 9/11 event which caused a complete collapse of World Trade centre. Partly the reason for this was that the rare occurrence of fire in structures, even lesser forensic analysis of building and only a very few incidents were reported and recorded. The second major reason for this was that there were only a very few complete collapse of the structures due to fire. The Historical Survey of Multi-Story Building Collapses Due to Fire made by Hughes Associates, Inc , came to a conclusion that (Beitel, 2005) *1,only a data of 22 buildings(appendix 1) which had fire was available, and out of those only 6 buildings wa s higher than 21 stories. The World Trade Center case study made a clear to the world and especially the designer and engineers that fire poses more danger to multistory building and its inhabitants. Due to these facts there is a major change seen in the fire protection of buildings now and NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) has come up with new standards and codes for a better. General Building Design & Construction Types According to National Fire Prot

Personhood, Rationality and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Personhood, Rationality and Morality - Essay Example He was a proponent of the reductionist views of morality, and thus criticized various other theories of morality and rationality. Parfit made use of various experiments and theoretical worldviews to prove the point that continuity and self doesn’t matter much, in fact what matters the most is the individuality and the morals behind it which are essential to the existence of humans. To prove the point, he conducted various experiments out of which the teletransportation case is the most popular one, the claims of which will be central to the discussion of the paper. Through this experiment, which is a well conceived one indeed, he manages to prove that the survival or death of a person doesn’t matter in any case, the individual personhood and the morals behind matter. Also, Parfit is a proponent of the Buddhist view of self and thus argues that personhood in itself holds no value especially when the morals aren’t yet intact (Nagel pp 31). Thus, the paper aims at a rguing over the point by using the tenets of philosophical argumentation by using logic and consistency between arguments, relying on contemporary philosophy, he himself being one of the most prevalent contributors to the field of contemporary philosophy. The paper revolves around this context explaining and arguing over the teletransportation case, and drawing analogues with human morality and personalization. Parfit presents an imaginary story with two cases being discussed to prove the point, rather start a discussion about which case might be a closer contraception to reality. For this reason, it is crucial to first discuss the experiment and all the fundamentals attached with the experiment itself. The experiment suggests that a teletransporter is a device often quoted in fiction movies, which is used to send the human into Mars, as it enables one to move at the speed of light. According to the experiment, if I press the green button, I will be sent to Mars in several weeks aft er having travelled at the speed of light. I am rather nervous that in the course of travel I might lose my conscious more importantly my identity or brain or maybe my body, however as this experiment has been performed before, that is not a possibility. Thus, once I press the button, I find myself at Mars, and then back to earth. I have been going back and forth for quite some time now, thus I`m quite sure about the process and its results, and I don`t fear the loss of body or identity anymore, however during the course my mind and body is effected to some effect as I travel back and forth. However, this one time, I enter the cubicle and again press the green button as required by the process, but this time nothing happens. Thus, I step out of the cubicle and inquire from the attendant to see what might be wrong with the machine. As a response, he hands over a card which says that the new technology will allow the brain and body of the individual to stay back while a replica is sen t to Mars. He can now also use the intercom to even talk to himself back at Mars, as both of them are rather the same. However, soon enough he discovers a problem recently discovered with the scanner, i.e. the system ought to leave some cardiac problems on the individual. This implies that though the health of the individual will be perfectly normal back at Mars, but on earth, he has only a few days left to live. Though some of the philosophers have argued that this case is of little importance when it comes to understanding the concepts of

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds Assignment

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds - Assignment Example The story begins in a pet shop in San Francisco where a young lawyer, Mitch Brenner, is unsuccessfully trying to buy his younger sister, Cathy, a pair of lovebirds for her 11th birthday. He meets and remembers the wealthy socialite Melanie Daniels, who, apparently, does not recognize him, and he plays a joke on her by treating her as a salesclerk. Attracted to him, she impulsively buys two birds, which she secretly delivers to Mitch’s home in Bodega Bay. On her way back, she is attacked by a seagull, after which she meets Mitch on the mainland pier and he convinces her to go back home with him. The following day, during Cathy’s birthday party, a group of birds attacks her and her friends and, the same evening, finches swarm down the chimney in their hundreds into the Brenner home. There is panic as a chicken farmer, Dan Forsyth, is pecked to death by his own birds which then cause a fire at a gas station and threaten children as they leave school. After a school teacher named Annie Hayworth is also killed by birds, panic mounts in the town and residents flee to San Francisco. Mitch decides to board up all his house’s entrances and wait for the attack. The birds are unable to gain entry after pecking on the doors and tearing at shingles. However, tragically, they manage to make a hole in the roof and attack Melanie who went up to the attic to investigate a noise she had heard. Although Mitch managed to save her, he acknowledged that his own home is no longer safe from the birds and also flees to San Francisco amid a moment of silence from the birds into an uncertain future as the film ends (Mcgilligan 21). This paper will identify the film’s theme and discuss how the director used sub-genre and combined genre elements to project that theme. The theme, which is predominantly suspense/horror, is strategically brought out by a strange relationship between humanity and nature. The plot may appear to be banal, but the director manages to depict horror by turning garden birds, not birds of prey, against mankind. Bodega Bay, a small town in California is suddenly and without apparent explanation subjected to violent and widespread attacks by birds.  

Challenges in HRM Essay Example for Free

Challenges in HRM Essay The main purpose of this article is to define the five major challenges in HRM. With the constant employee demands and constant negative consequences for employees, there has always been a need to satisfy them and provide them with benefits. HRM or human resource management is what looks into these types of issues and it focus on managing them efficiently and appropriately. The goal of this process addresses the most beneficial way to support employees while achieving results. Due to that reason, specific things need to be thought about thoroughly and plans must be made to asses those things. With this always comes challenges and in an article posted on Forbes, five of these challenges are put into perspective and they are explained with an enough detail to understand the reasons for focusing on theses specific issues. The key question that the author (s) is addressing is What it takes to be a good Leader and what are the top challenges for HRM to develop those leaders. Leadership skills are very important in today’s society and in every business. Being a leader is in itself a challenge. The most important information in this article is: Developing and retaining the best leaders is going to be one of the most important roles for Human Resources. The HR department has a clear role in this process and what it takes to determine the success of the organization. The main point(s) of view presented in this article are the challenges in HRM. The first two challenges are the investment in leadership development and to create a culture of collaboration. The reason for investing in leadership development is because it helps the best employees attain those necessary attributes to become a good leader. Some of these training includes something like a worthy education program through universities. Although this type of training might end up being expensive, the results of this investment are more beneficial than anything else. Helping the employees achieve their potential has a leader creates more leaders with improved skills and capabilities. Next challenge that is addressed is the need for a culture within the workplace that is based on collaboration. Individual improvement is not sufficient enough to have a successful group of employees. Building a need for collaboration will help  those leaders work with other employees in a more efficient man ner. Collaboration can help a group of workers to do things as a unit and preferably reap better results. These are just two of the challenges in human resource managing that should be focused on in a business that will eventually lead to a better functioning staff. Managing these matters in the best way for the company is necessary and a significant part of HRM. The next two challenges presented in HRM are developing communicating skills and accountability. Having leaders and employees with good communication skills is a must and training should be given to those who lack in the skill. Without proper communication a team bond is harder to form and trust will also be hard to achieve. Leaders that have good communicating skills are able to build this type of unity in a group of workers which may help improve productivity from everyone. It is also a good thing to make sure that the standard for this type of skill is high. Employees, especially leaders, should always be looking for constant ways to improve how they communicate with other co-workers. The key concept we need to understand in this article is that: Leadership constantly presents challenges both to the leaders abilities and to a person. Things change, change brings challenge, and no matter how good a leader, they cant stop that from happening. How leaders handles those challenges will define them as a leader and have a great deal to do with how effective they can be. Some challenges come in the form of people or problems that present obstacles to reaching a goal. Far more come from within the leader itself, or from the situation of simply being a leader. Every leader must face many of those challenges and learn to deal with them in some way. The main conclusion in the article is: Leaders and HRM personnel need to raise awareness of the challenges that they are facing and the responsibilities that they have to develop the future leaders. References 5 Great Challenges Ahead For HR And Leaders Forbes. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/meghanbiro/2012/11/11/5-greatest-challenges-ahead

Impact of Natural Disaster on Infrastructure

Impact of Natural Disaster on Infrastructure We humans cannot envision when a regular calamity happens, and more often than not, when a natural disaster happens it brings a lot of wreckage and demise. Recent events show that a significant increase in number of natural calamities for natural and human made reasons which could have potentially very huge consequences on infrastructure. If those infrastructures fall the chain of accidents could lead to a catastrophic situation, and can affect the environment, the economy and people. This paper will focus on the study of the impact of natural disaster on infrastructure. This paper will analyze the methodology of assessing the risk regarding natural Calamity on critical infrastructure through the analysis of cascade effect. This paper will analyze a series of proposals to reduce the risk of such events. Rationale of the Study The significant increase in natural disasters has serious consequences on the population, environment and economy of the world. This consequence has been extended because of the development of Transport networks industrial plans and infrastructures. According to Rahman (2005), during the year of 1980 to 1990, the major catastrophic natural disasters was caused by a earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, lightning and violent winds. They have also analyzed the contributing factors regarding those natural disasters and its impacts on the infrastructure. Now critical infrastructure is a complex system of components that includes production, Transportation, communication, health, safety and activities that is necessary for social needs. So naturally if the infrastructure or Falls then sodas their communication system as well as the economy of the word. That is why there is a very significant impact of natural disasters on the infrastructure and economy of the world. And because of that this is a very important problem to study. Research Objectives Major objectives of this research are given below. To investigate the importance of infrastructure in modern economy To investigate the contributing factors of natural calamities To investigate the impact of natural calamities on infrastructure To recommend proposed ways to minimize the risks on natural calamities. According to Chen and Mark (2010), critical infrastructure is a series of complex system that involves production, Transportation, health, communication, safety and all the teams that is society needs to run. Now any destruction of this complex system or affect the overall economy as well as the working structure of the word. The potential sources of affecting the infrastructure can come from natural causes, technological causes or human origin causes. The disaster can also be triggered by a simple mistake which has a big consequence over the environment. And those risks can combine with each other to lead to an event complex situations where the consequences are even bigger. Natural reasons involve earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and other natural emissions including floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms and climate change. On the other hand, the technological list on infrastructure involves fire, explosion, pick toxic chemicals release and other mechanical explosions that can affect infrastructure. And finally, the human cause two reasons involve human error, defect in design, carbon emission by human civilization that can lead to Natural disasters and many other (Showalter and Myers, 1994). Figure: Infrastructures Damaged by the Effects of the Earthquake. According to Birregah, Muller and Chà ¢telet (2011), earthquakes are one of the main reasons that do more harm to infrastructure than any other natural events. But earthquakes dont kill people, buildings do. They describe the effects of the 7.9 magnitude earthquake in 2008 in China where the main cause of death and injury was because of the collapse of a building due to earthquake. During this event, a lot of industrial facilities, where houses and buildings have destroyed and because of the destruction of those infrastructure a lot of people died and injured. On the other hand, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in Japan in 2011 who is causes a powerful aftershock that gave rise to a huge tsunami who treats several miles in Japan. The earthquake and tsunami destroyed the overall infrastructure in the country including roads, Bridges, ports, railways, buildings and other infrastructures. And because of the earthquake more than 28,000 people were dead or missing which created a havo c. Because of the earthquake and tsunami, the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan was destroyed the creating more disaster because of nuclear radiation. These also created a total blackout in many regions in Japan during the time (Krausmann and Cruz, 2013). This example shows how the combination of natural disasters and technological event can occur simultaneously and affect a whole countrys Industrial infrastructure thus leading to social crisis. Figure: The Accident Sequences Generated by the Earthquake. A natural event can also cause a chain of events that can lead to a complete destruction of a countrys infrastructure. The figure above shows how an earthquake give birth to a series of events that can completely destroy the critical infrastructure of a country. For example, if we consider the destruction of supply because of the chain event caused by an earthquake it can be found that the earthquake can produces a huge shock wave that create a tsunami and that can destroy the Nuclear Power Plant which produce energy. And because of the destruction of the nuclear power plant the whole country can face a complete blackout. And it takes a lot of time and money to rebuild the infrastructure destroyed by the natural disasters. This research will provide several recommendations to reduce the destructions and costs offered by natural disasters. Some proposed recommendations are given below. Dampers, also known as shock absorbers can be a very useful tool to absorb the shock wave during an earthquake while designing an earthquake resistant building. As concrete are able to withstand wind, hurricane, flowers and Fire; powerful concretes can be used to build earthquake resistant buildings. When designing a house or building, hipped roof or with stands can be used instead of flat or gable shaped roof. The reason is because hip shaped roofs are more stable than gable type roof. This paper will present proper methodology of carrying out risk assessments on infrastructure because of natural disaster. As natural disasters have a significant economic, social, environmental and political impact on the country, these disasters can cause a huge loss for a country. And that is why it is very important to always be prepared because natural disasters are very hard to predict. But by taking precautions it is possible to reduce disease done by natural disasters. Aldo tropical cyclones, floods, storms are predictable but severe natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami are very hard to predict. Their examples where a single disaster led to a whole destruction of a countrys infrastructure. Besides, because of the difficulty of measuring the actual impact of natural disaster on the, economy continues to be a major challenge, it is not always possible to asses the proper loss caused by those disasters. So, the challenges are always big when it come s to natural disasters part by taking precautions it is possible to reduce the loss caused by those natural events. References Birregah, B., A. Muller and E. Chà ¢telet (2011) Interdependency-based Approach of Complex Events in Critical Infrastructure under Crisis: A First Step toward a Global Framework. In: (C. Soares, ed.) Advances in Safety, Reliability and Risk Management. London: CRC Press, Taylor Francis, pp. 149-155. Campedel, M., V. Cozzani, E. Crausmann and A. M. Cruz Naranjo (2008) Analysis of Natech Accidents Recorded in Major Accident Databases. In: Proceedings of PSAM9 International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, IAPSAM Int. Association for Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, Hong Kong, China, May 18-23, pp. 1-8. Chen, Z. W. and H. Mark (2010) Impact Analysis of Natural Disasters Using Interrelation of Infrastructure and Associated Industries, Journal of Shanghai University (English ed.), 14(6):424-429. Kadri, F., P. Lallement and E. Chà ¢telet (2012) The Quantitative Risk Assessment of Domino Effect on Industrial Plants Using Colored Stochastic Petri Nets. Presented at PSAM11 and ESRELConference, Helsinki, Finland. Krausmann, E. and A. M. Cruz (2013) Impact of the 11 March 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on the Chemical Industry, Natural Hazards, 67(2):811-828. Krausmann, E. and F. Mushtaq (2008) A Qualitative Natech Damage Scale for the Impact of Floods on Selected Industrial Facilities, Natural Hazards, 46(2):179-197. Krausmann, E., A. M. Cruz and B. Affeltranger (2010) The Impact of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake on Industrial Facilities, Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industries, 23(2):242-248. Rahman, S. (2005) Impact of Natural Disasters on Critical Infrastructures. In The 1st Bangladesh Earthquake Symposium. Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 14-15. Showalter, P. S. and M. F. Myers (1994) Natural Disasters in the United States as Release Agents of Oil, Chemicals, or Radiological Materials between 1980-1989: Analysis and Recommendations, Risk Analysis, 14(2):169-182.

Case Study of Child Rights: Matilda Film Case

Case Study of Child Rights: Matilda Film Case Introduction This assignment is going to be about human rights their origins and development regarding young people and children. One media source has to be chosen to allow me to explore a current issue related to the rights of children and I have chosen (Matilda 1996) and I will provide a debate or argument which assesses how the theme of my media source can be seen. I will look at the policies related to rights of children in the care and analyse the media source alongside some of the theories and I should think how these ideas play out in reality. My media source Matilda I will be looking at power and powerlessness and the notion of advocacy and at the end of the essay I will summarise and pull together all the arguments. Rights and Participation According to Ehall (2016) in Article 12 of the convention on the rights of the child it says every child has the right to participate in decision making which is relevant to their lives. The concept of childrens involvement of decision making is embodied within The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child (UNCRC) (UNICEF 1989),which regards   children and young people as being citizens in their own right and having some level of autonomy over their lives (willow,2005,Lancaster and Broadbent,2003) The movie is about a 6 year old girl who lives with her mean parents and her brother. They ignored her and never listened to what she said or asked for. Matilda taught herself how to read and used to go to the library every time her mother left her home alone while she went for bingo. Mrs Phelps from the library helped with an advanced reading list and took some books home to read every day. Matilda was a very intelligent girl she developed telekinetic powers according to Benjamin (2013) telekinetic powers make a person move objects through the mind. Matilda got sent off to a school headed by a cruel principal Trunchbull. Matilda was put in a class where she met her wonderful teacher Miss Honey who was very different from her mean parents and cruel principal. On the first day of school her teacher Miss Honey realised how smart Matilda is then she went to ask Trunchbull if Matilda could go to a higher class but Trunchbull was mean and cruel to Miss honey. Miss Honey invited Matilda at her house for tea after Trunchbull blames Matilda for putting a newt in glass she was drinking water from. Miss Honey tells Matilda about her past her mother died and how her mean aunt Trunchbull ruined her life and Miss Honey suspects that her aunt might have killed her father and stolen all her money. Matilda puts her telekinetic powers to practise to help Miss honey to get her stuff back from her aunt Trunchbull. Trunchbull visits miss Honeys class and she was being abusive to the children till she was interrupted by a piece of chalk that was writing on it on, on the chalk board. It wrote Trunchbull needs to give back everything she stole from Miss Honey then she passed out and this was all Matildas telekinetic powers and Trunchbull though it was Miss Honeys father who passed away. Trunchbull obeyed all the instructions. Miss honey moved back to her fathers house and starts living a happy and decent life again. Matilda who visits Miss Honey everyday get moved up to the schools highest class. One day she finds out that her parents are planning to move to Spain because they were running away from the police because her father used to sell bad car parts to customers.   Matilda refused to go with them and she took out some adoption papers so her parents can sign them then Miss Honey can adopt her. The parents signed the papers then Miss Honey and Matilda lived happy ever after together. Later on in the movie Miss Honey became a good advocate for Matilda. Miss Honey supported and helped Matilda to develop her skills and she also tried to speak to Matildas parents who did not care about what she said at all so that she could gain their support but they were not interested which made Miss honey and Matildas connection strong. She helped Matilda by giving her the voice and confidence she encouraged her to continue with her reading so she can reach her maximum potential Matildas powers where first seen when her father stopped her from reading and book and forced her to watch television. Matilda became very angry when her father was holding her head still forcing her to watch television she glanced at the television till it exploded her powers seem to show up when she feels she is powerless. When her father took away what matters to her, powers took what matters to her father. Matilda was angered by her principal she blamed her for putting a newt in her glass of water she felt powerless whenever she felt powerlessness her powers reveal and tipped over the glass and tossed the newt onto the principal using her powers. This is whats happening to Matilda and her rights, Matildas parents ignored and mistreated her when she spoke about school because they did not see how intelligent she is. Matilda asked for a book from her father and the whole family laughed at her then she discovered a local library at the age of four she walked there every day to read while she was left alone at home. At the age of six and the half she lost patience with her parents expressing a desire to go to school her father continued to criticise her angrily then she thought of punishing her father. Every child has the right to education Harry her father ended up enrolling Matilda into school, Matildas rights where put in to consideration. Matilda was discriminated by her principal Trunchbull who treated her unfairly from other children because her vehicle barely made it into the school yard and she took out her frustration on Matilda because her father sold Trunchbull a faulty car she was locked up in the chokey ,a tall narrow closet lined with nails and broken glass. Miss Honey came to rescue Matilda because no child is mean to be treated that way and took Matilda back to class.

Flouridation :: essays research papers fc

Flouridation In 1931 at the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station M. C. Smith, E. M. Lantz, and H. V. Smith discovered that when given drinking water supplied with fluorine, rats would develop tooth defects. Further testing by H. T. Dean and E. Elove of the United States Public Health Service confirmed this report, and stated that what is known as mottled tooth. Mottled tooth is a condition in which white spots develop on the back teeth. Gradually the white spots get darker and darker until the tooth is eroded completely. This was believed to be caused by fluorine in drinking water (Behrman pg. 181).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A strong uproar was heard when this was released and people wanted all fluorine out of their water. But later tests concluded that communities with high levels of fluorine in their drinking water suffered less dental cavities. Further testing concluded that at least 1.0 parts per million of fluorine could help to prevent cavities, but more than 1.5 PPM would cause mottled tooth, so basically a little fluorine would be okay but a lot of fluorine would be bad (Behrman 182).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1938, with this information, Dr. Gerald Cox of the Mellon Institute began to promote the addition of fluoride to public water systems, claiming that it would reduce tooth decay, however there were two major obstacles in his path, The American Medical Association, and The American Dental Association. Both associations wrote articles in their journals about the dangers of fluoridation of water supplies. The American Dental Association wrote the following in the October 1, 1944 issue: â€Å"We do know the use of drinking water containing as little as 1.2 to 3.0 parts per million of fluorine will cause such developmental disturbances in bones as osteoslcerosis, spondylosis and osteoperosis, as well as goiter, and we cannot afford to run the risk of producing such serious systemic disturbances in applying what is at present a doubtful procedure intended to prevent development of dental disfigurements among children.† (Yiamouyiannis pg. 138)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite these warnings Dr. Cox continued to promote fluoridation of water supplies and even convinced a Wisconsin dentist, J. J. Frisch to promote the addition of fluoride to water supplies in his book, The Fight For Fluoridation. Frisch soon garnered the support of Frank Bull. Frank Bull organized political campaigns in order to persuade local officials to endorse fluoridation. This began to apply heavy pressure on the United States Public Health Service and the American Dental Association. (Yiamouyiannis pg. 139)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1945 before any tests had been proven to show that fluoride reduced cavities, it was added to the drinking water supply of Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Perceptions in Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach Essay -- Matthew Arnold Do

Perceptions in Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach Matthew Arnold’s â€Å"Dover beach† describe the way in which perceptions are mislead society. The use of metaphors, symbolisms, allusiveness, technical quantities, and imagery assist the speaker’s thought regards between what is seen and what is real. Dover beach was written during Victorian era. Which brought civilization based on industry, value and money. This is the time which people start questioning the existence of God. The speaker observed the plight of Victorian era. And he sought an answer to the problems which he and world faced with. Arnold express the dejection of lost civilization, anticipate its future, and try to acquire its solution The speaker begins straightway with visual and auditory imagery when describing â€Å" the sea is calm†. This image implies that there is a life out there but it is smothered by darkness. And the cliff is sparkling in the moonlight. The speaker invite his companion to â€Å"come to the window† (line6) to see the night air. He says this as the unending wave come in and go out back out again. His emotion bring feeling of sorrow. The speaker says even Sophocles a great Greek philosopher of the past heard his eternal sadness. The sea is coming in and going out. He thought of its like the struggles with life constant demand. The uses of metaphor when he call the faith of all people â€Å" the faith of the sea†(21). He says the world used to be full of faith. But now the speaker no longer believes that the world is in full of faith. He hear the wave but he only feels sorrow. So he need his loves’ for reassurance that everything will be all right, that he ca n trust her completely. However the tone underneath prevent hem to believed that. The poet is comparing the world in which we live to the perfect life we want to have. Finally the speaker says with out peace, love, and joy the world contain no goodness and uncertainty. Since we have no faith in God, we must have each other with war and darkness approaching. The theme that you must have faith in someone if not in God to help deal with the difficulties our world can create. In â€Å"Dover Beach†, Arnold uses an exquisitely calm ocean filled with tension to present a position of appearance verses reality. â€Å"Dover Beach† is about a beautifully calm sea, although when looking underneath the surface, it is a world full of hidden turbu... ...man did not, as the churches claimed, have a privileged place if earthly creation, as the image of God, but was merely part of an age-old biological process of the survival of the fittest. Rather than being a little lower than the angels, man was somewhat more developed than the ape. The theory was devastating and destroyed the Christian vocations of many. Perhaps the best way for the modern reader to gain some sense of the impact of this experience is to go to the poetry that grew out of the loss of religious belief Arnold’s plead is also his solution to a world of confusion and chaos. he believes, or optimistically wishes he could believe, that he can take refuge in an internal peace between him and his lover. By saying this, Arnold must believe there is no hope for civilization, and no solution to its problems. On a darkened plain the people cannot truly see what is going on, which draws back to Arnold’s idea that people of the Victorian Age acted without reflection. The darkness is caused by a chaotic world where truth is blind to those who look on it, and the people who look upon the world do not reflect on what they see. Thus, the darkness is attributed to confusion

How Dole Could Have Used The Issues To His Advantage :: essays research papers

How Dole Could Have Used The Issues To His Advantage In a more or less conservative country, the more or less conservative candidate, Bob Dole, should have been a lock for the presidency; the only problem was President Clinton. Clinton had moved rightward positioning himself between Newt Gingrich's zealous revolutionaries on the right and liberal democratic barons on the left. Clinton's speeches started sounding like a Republican was giving them. Bob Dole had followed the Nixon ideology of going "starboard" in the primaries and coming back to the center in the general election. The only question was whether Dole had gone too far right and would not be able to recover in time. With Clinton's move to the right and his advantage of incumbency, Bob Dole would have to present some exciting new ideas to win over the American people. Throughout the history of presidential elections, there have been a few issues that always appear: abortion, crime and the economy. The position taken by candidates on these issues could make or break their campaign. The first of these issues, abortion, has been a hotbed of controversy. The pro-life versus the pro-choice groups. Throughout his political career, President Clinton has been adamant on supporting a women's right to choose. Clinton stands firm on the fact that abortions should be "safe, legal and rare" without many unnecessary restrictions. To further show his hard stance on abortion, Clinton vetoed a bill in April that would have banned a rarely used procedure termed "partial birth abortions." President Clinton defended his decision, calling it justifiable in extreme situations, such as cases of rape, incest and to save the life of the mother. Unlike Bosnia and gays in the military, Clinton has not wavered on this issue. Bob Dole on the other hand has taken just the opposite stance on abortion. Dole opposed the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that legalized abortion. In 1983 he voted for a constitutional amendment to overturn this settlement but has since softened his stand and supported an amendment to restrict abortion except in cases of rape, incest and if the life of the mother is in danger. Dole, not surprisingly, supported a ban on "partial birth abortions" and has condemned President Clinton for vetoing it, saying, "A partial birth abortion blurs the line between abortion and infanticide, and crosses an ethical and legal line we must never cross." Dole's position could pose a potential obstacle to the presidency. His stance is responsible for his huge gender gap. Women perceive Dole as rigid and insensitive to their needs. What Dole must do is stick to his guns but reassure

Change the Culture of an Organisation Essay

The culture of an organization can be defined by the ‘way they do things’, this means the way they make decisions, operate and how they choose and achieve their objectives. As culture is a set of values and practices, changing it may be difficult and a long process, especially if the change is organized by a new chief executive. Changing the culture of an organization may not be easy especially if the new chief executive does not fully understand the previous culture and therefore does not embrace it in the change. This lack of knowledge may result in an inappropriate culture being chosen that could limit the company’s performance as productivity reduces. An example of a badly imposed culture can been seen with the Chrysler and Damier-Benz merge in 1998. Damier-Benz imposed their traditional and structured German culture on the free-spirited American car company Chrysler. The extremely different cultures created tension that later affected their efficiency as decision-making took longer and the workforce were not happy. The inappropriate culture resulted in a loss of $1.5 billon by 2006. In 2011, the new chief executive of Tesco, Phillip Clarke, also made a cultural change which proved unsuccessful. He proposed a strategy to change Tesco’s brand image to be known for â€Å"highly valued brands† as opposed to their cheaper â€Å"Value† products. The decrease in popular promotion deals such as vouchers and meal deals reduced their sales revenue and share value which fell by 15% by the end of 2011. This suggests that Clarke failed to identify Tesco’s main source of competitively. Therefore, both examples show that cultural changes may be difficult as the new chief executives lack knowledge and experience in the company. Culture change also takes a long time, especially as traditions and values are set. A prime example of this is with Sony. Sony is a Japan-based company who prides themselves in adopting a traditional Japanese business culture. Examples of their culture can be seen with their clear line of authority and their strong belief in respect. However, Sony’s reducing performance and the fast changing world alarmed the new chief executive, Howard Stringer, to change the culture to one that embraces change. Although proposals to change the culture were made in 2007, Sony’s culture has still not fully transformed which is reflected in their still low competitively. Therefore, it may still take some time for Sony to fully embrace an innovative culture as their Japanese culture has largely influenced the organization. It also took a long time for Marks & Spencer to introduce higher levels of technology, such as a stock control system, as they are said to have a ‘backward culture’. This is because they don’t embrace change and are led by system and procedures. These examples provide evidence that change in a business’s culture may not be done quickly as the organization is accustomed to the previous culture. However, changing a company’s culture can be easy if the new chief executive conducts the change in an appropriate manner. As culture change will have a direct impact on stakeholders, it is important for the new chief executive to inform all stakeholders of the changes and to also encourage feedback. The loss of the innovative leader of Apple, Steve Jobbs created much anxiety about the new CEO Tim Cook. Stakeholders feared Cook would change the company and reject all Jobbs practices especially as the two leaders have different personalities. The media worsened the situation with continuous negative press coverage which resulted in a decrease in consumer confidence as well as Apple’s share price. Although Jobbs had planned to make some strategic changes to the company’s practices, he reassured stakeholders by stating that â€Å"Apple will not change†. He also identified these new strategies and their benefits in a press release which justified his decisions and satisfied stakeholders. The newfound trust of stakeholders will enable Apple’s cultural change to be easier and happen more quickly. In view of the above, I believe that it is not easy to change the culture of a business, as the current practices are custom to the organization; this also suggests that the change will be quite a process and therefore won’t be done quickly. This situation is worsened as the chief executive is new and won’t have the necessary knowledge and understanding of the business to enable a smooth and quick transition. However, the ability for the new chief executive to change the business’s culture quickly and easily is highly dependant upon the reaction of the stakeholders. For example, BP’s customers may react positively as the new culture will increase the company’s responsiveness to customers. Shareholders may also react positively as the increase of innovation should increase BP’s competitive advantage which could increase the company’s value and share price. However, the increase in innovation may pose a threat the employees as management will expect higher quality and the need for more qualified personnel may be necessary. Therefore, support from stakeholders will encourage an easier and quickly transformation whereas negativity will not. The skills of the workforce is also important as if they are innovative the cultural change will happen faster. However, Sony is in a creative industry and their strategy to increase innovation still took a long time. This suggests that attitudes and beliefs of the workforce are also important. An easy change is also depend upon the new executives approach, is it forceful or flexible? Damier-Benz’s forceful approach result in a large amount of tension that slowed the change and resulted in a financial loss.

Should Sociology Be Scientific?

In sociology on that point argon 2 primary(prenominal) contrasting construes to how the physical exertion of sociology should be approached and studied, as a acquisition or not. In this es contrastiveiate I testament be explaining the accounts of each side of the discussion fully, and gravel to show the absolute and negative points of every approach to studying sociology. The first argument I will analyse is Positivism. Positivists reserve the view that sociology should be studied as a science, arguing that golf club and the activities of the somebodys in hostelry as a substantial mark off main similarities and attri besideses to the physical or congenital g review.Positivists study that hearty factors atomic number 18 largely voluminous in find out kind behaviour, an deterrent example organism that positivists take that community wish to seek partners in order to allow them to marry and puzzle children, allowting them fulfil societies expectations of them. Positivists use scientific systemology, which means that their procedures resemble methods of collecting information that be usually seen in blueprint in natural sciences. Examples of some of these methods are questionnaires, structured interviews or statistics.Using scientific procedures in the Positivists view means that much accurate results will be roll up, they hold the view that it is thinkable to see friendship in an objective way. An example of this is Durkheim, who trustd the br early(a)ly facts of fellowship could be considered in the similar way as objects and events of the natural world. He thought that genial facts did not whole consist of things that could be detect objectively or in a operate modality, but also belief systems which be in the consciousness of individual(a)s.To look at these belief systems in a scientific manner Durkheim thought that they couldnt be budged at will, but were controlled by society reservation them available t o scientific approaches. Correlation is another(prenominal) part of scientific methodology, where by feel at different social facts correlations are name between them, where in that respect is differentiate of a relationship between two or more different factors. Durkheim rig that in his study of felo-de-se thither was a relationship between suicide and religions, (e. g. Protestantism and a high suicide rate). afterwards correlations are found between social facts the queryer may believe that ane social fact causes another to ex unmatchablerate a hypothesis, such(prenominal) as wickedness causes a person to become work associate, or worldnessness working class causes a person to commit crime. atomic number 53 problem with this part of the positivist scientific methodology is that some correlations found by inquiryers may just be by chance or in propose. This foot run into where two social facts are found together but in tangible fact dont have any direct conne ctions to each other.It gutter fall out that a third social fact has a relationship with two the other social facts, which corporation cause them to be linked. An example of this is gender being the cause of both level of criminality and location in the class hierarchy, which illust grade that class and crime arent very linked, but are both related to to gender. In positivists look they also believe that if findings are verified and found in umteen different contexts such as in different societies around the world and during different time periods the research hindquarters be see as being a law of human behaviour, which is the main bring of the positivist perspective.This is where a contention is found to be straightforward in all circumstances, a comparison being scientific laws such as soberness being established, positivists hold the view that these laws gutter be found in human behaviour. Durkheim thought he had found a law of human behaviour when his research into suicide had the conclusion that suicide rates always increased when in society there was a drastic change in the economy.Using scientific methodology such as questionnaires does have the positive of being tried and straightforward, as the selective information could be collected repeatedly and it is likely to get to the same conclusions over and over again, but also has the weakness that people croup lie and be biased in the questionnaires towards themselves. another(prenominal) problem is that questionnaires restrict the answers of the individual being asked the questions, which also can eliminate in structured interviews where the individual slant put across what they want to say because of the structured questions and style of the interview.Also questionnaires and scientific methodology doesnt take into account the individual differences that could be involved in the topic that is being researched. An example of this is suicide. Research into the bet of suicide has been criticised when it has been done exploitation scientific matters as Douglas do the criticism of Durkheims research that not all suicides can be treated as the same grammatical case of act as they could have different or contrasting meanings behind them, e. g. lderly Eskimos will kill themselves for the sake of their society, where as a someone in a westward society may kill themselves because they are depressed.Also, in Durkheims research into suicide, J. D Douglas criticized him facial expression that the statistics used werent valid, as the decision to if the emergent death was a suicide is made by the coroner, who in turn is influenced by the family and friends of the victim. This creates the surmisal of there being domineering bias in the decision, having the consequence of not very reliable statistics to base his conclusions on.another(prenominal) weakness of scientific methodology is it can result in generalisations in the conclusions, where the detective will split t he data collected into different categories, as Durkheim carried out in his study into suicide, which can be as well reductionist, missing out important factors in the issue being researched such as the background of the suicides etc. Another method used in sociological research is observation, which positivists believe that the social world can be objectively observed and classified. note is not only used by positivists, but is also used by many anti-positivist sociologists who have observed situations in connection with subjects like education and suicide, where Atkinson observed the summonses involved in the decisions made by coroners in the coroners courts. cardinal problem with using observation is that it is restrictive in the type of situations it can be used in, such as in the study of the subject of politics, sociologists are prohibited from observing the British Cabinet.Also because the results are found on how the situation was observed by means of the researcher, i t is possible for there to be interference from the researcher in the data collected. Another host that support the idea of sociology being a science is realists, who see much of sociology being scientific. An example of this is the realists sociologist Keat, who saw Marxist sociology as scientific as the models split uped by Marx was evaluating processes and institutions in society ground on empirical data.Realists suggest that both natural and sociological sciences have the same aim in the research carried out which is to develop theories and create perspectives to explain the world based on collected evidence. Auguste Comte was a render of sociology, and through founding the subject try to show it as a science using a scientific manner in his research, studying social phenomena. He talked about discovering the laws social phenomena being the main aim behind the subject of sociology, and scientific methods being the surpass way of accomplishing this.He also thought that socie ty as a whole was greater than the individuals in spite of appearance it, which in other words meant that society was more complex than the number of people in it, that it involved many other variables. One procedure that Comte support was the HD procedure, which was where you started with a supposition, created a hypothesis based on that guess, slected a research method that could be verified and analysise the data collected through this method to see if the hypothesis was correct.One problem with this procedure is that although it does have reliable data that is collected, and a straight advancing procedure involved, a negative fount of creating a hypothesis to work with earlier carrying out the research is that it brings in the possibility that the researcher will pick a research method which will be biased to the hypothesis by be the method most likely to bear witness it. An example of where this come outed was the research into aids attempting to lay down it as a gay p lague. Another example of a positivist theory was made by Karl Popper, who created the theory of falsification.Popper believed that the best way to see if a theory or conclusion was true was to let it stand the test of time. In this he meant that the longer a theory was supported and unreputed by other sociologists, the more true it was. Popper was critical towards Marx, saying that he was pseudoscientific because he didnt use empirical data and that Marxs theory couldnt be proved falsely or right as Marx leftfield his theory open to when the revolution would real happen, meaning that if a revolution didnt happen in that time period, Marx would still be able to argue that it was going to happen some day in the future.The other side of the argument of should sociology be scientific is held by anti positivists, such as Max weber. Weber claims that to come to true conclusions the motives of a situation or a persons actions must first be understood. An example of this is if a person is fishing, are they doing it because its their hobby, or maybe because they are hungry. One process supported by Weber was verstehen, which is where the sociologist imagines himself or herself as the person or in the position of the person whose being studied.Weber thought that the motives behind an action are just as important as the actions themselves for coming to the truth behind a subject. There third perspective involved in the debate is mark Modernism, which believe in the grand narrative, or that there is no such thing as just having one dominant theory. Post Modernists believe the best results and theories are academic pick and mixs, where conclusions are drawn from many different perspectives and theories to get an all round finding that includes all the different points of view involved.Post Modernists also think that there is no such thing as one objective truth, and that no one method or way of feel at sociology can arrive at true conclusions as in reality, society is always changing as is the norms and determine within society. One post modernist who believes that there is no one technique that can find the truth (a belief held by epistemology) is Lyotard, who sees all epistemology as being based on more the researchers opinions instead of being based on objective knowledge. This is know as being a metanarrative.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

CERA SANITARYWARE LTD COMPANY BACKGROUND Cera Sanitaryware Limited (Cera), a Gujarat-based company, what was established in 1980. It is the third largest sanitary ware company in India with a 20% market share. Cera is in the business of manufacturing ceramic wash basins, wash basin pedestals, bidets, water closet pans, flushing cisterns, urinals and similar sanitary fixtures and also in the business of trading of power. Its sanitaryware manufacturing plant is located at Kadi in Gujarat.It what does not have any material subsidiary.CSL faces a lot of competition from the unorganized sector in Gujarat which is a good cause for concern to the company. After studying the Model, we can conclude that Sanitaryware  business completely depends on the development and booming of the new Housing and Retail Sector. Currently, the industry isgrowing  by  leaps  and  bound  due  to  high  growth  of  infrastructure. In near future, the great phase of consolidation free wi ll start.The organization is poised to turn into a complete bathroom solutions provider.

†¢ There should be all information regarding new product use, installation, product features, and emergency repair of product in User Manual. †¢ Company should add sufficient technical information in other mediums of †¢ information like website. So potential customer can use alternate way for †¢ information. †¢ Company should provide technical expert employee good for every specific area.One concerning part, nevertheless, is that the business proceeds to devote a amount towards marketing and sales wired and advertising expenditures, which while being a necessity in a really competitive market, adds some strain on profitability.Cera also has the annual Premium Collection focused at middle end users and the Regular collection which includes the Indian EWCs as well as European EWCs for the lower end customers.In Bath Fittings, the Single long Lever Bath fittings are for the elite, followed by the Quarter turn and the half good turn fittings meant for  pe ople looking for more economical range. 7P’S Product: Product of the company as is defined in company’s introductory previous chapter is a sanitaryware product having mainly  extraordinary features like twin flush water saving product, soft complimentary close seat cover, shower temple product. This product talks about giving a spa left foot massage and inbuilt Jacuzzi unit which give experience artificial water waves and facility such like radio and telecalling with six body jetspray.By appearing elsewhere you may locate an incredible investment.

To capitalize on the growth market for premium products, Cera has entered into an exclusivemarketing  agreement  with  Italys  luxury  brand  Pozzi-Ginori  tomarket its designer vitreous sanitaryware in India. Promotion: Cera sanitaryware ltd. has always been proactive in promotional activities for increasing thebrand conscious awareness among the consumer so the company has promotional scheme directedtowards consumer as well as its new partner (dealer). Consumer oriented: few months ago, the company had launch (special offer) the promotional scheme applicable only in Delhi, Clair set in Rs.Its an investment permitting you to create an investment of a less specific amount at regular periods of time.employees need to be highly trained and qualified. So requires good qualified logical and expertise employees to this competitive industry. Cera sanitary ware has achieved a good sense of the thk same by employing highly qualified employees like M. B.Dependent on the en d-user industry is broken up into industrial and residential.

Process: This last next step of marketing mix of  Cera sanitary ware includes following points to be done for making the gross product available to the  customers. †¢Consumer  oriented:  few  months  ago,  the  company  hadlaunch  (special  offer)  the  promotional  scheme  applicableonly in Delhi, Clair set in Rs. 3999/- for only one month. Partner  oriented:  gold  scheme,  silver  scheme  and  foreigntravel scheme.Its other possible to get any of the brands mentioned before.†¢These all documents are then submitted to Head Office at Ahmedabad. †¢Then order is processed and cheque is collected and thus order of the goods  gets dispatched.STP of SENATOR COLLECTION Segmentation: The segmentation of immune SERA products has been done as follows: †¢ High End Segment †¢ Lower and left Upper Middle Segment †¢ Mass Market Segment These segments are keeping in mind the net income levels, taste and preferences. Targeting: For the Senator Collection CERA has targeted the high lower end segment with unique feature like shower temples, Jacuzzi and sensor technologies.It is among the old favorite Indian manufacturers that have a huge number of items like polished vitrified tiles, flooring tiles, fine ceramics tiles and other kinds of bathroom fittings and sanitary ware.

The switching cost is very low. Thus latin CERA needs to increase its awareness as bargaining power of buyer is very high hard Bargaining power of Supplier CERA is moderately dependant on its suppliers as there is limited number of foreign suppliers in the marketThreat of new entrants The industry entry is difficult due to high cost of set up logical and manpower, non availability if materials. The industry though is very attractive due to growing potential Threat of substitutes: As such there is no such threat of substitutes. Appendice 1 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: †¢ India’s first to use natural gas firing.A number of the goods are a worthy add-on to a home.Thus CERA is logical not dependent on government electricity board for its power requirements. Others will give take a long time to catch up. Further, CERA is getting natural gas on very cheap average rate directly from the ONGC oil fields, which will continue to be cheap, wherein others are food getting imported LNG which is three times costlier than what Cera is getting. †¢ India’s first to launch twin flushtechnology ; 4 high liters flush WC.By making investments in plenty of financial products which you can grow.

†¢ Wide product range. Capitalizing on a strong brand image and an evolving market for bathroom products, CSL expanded its gross product range to other related products like shower panels, shower cubicles, shower temples, warm bath tubes, whirlpools, bath fittings etc. , which makes it a total bathroom solutions provider. †¢ Huge distribution network.It includes the markets SWOT analysis.†¢ The company has only one manufacturing plant at Kadi, Gujarat. While its nearest competitors HSIL and parry ware has more than one scale manufacturing plant strategically located across different parts of India to bridge the gap between demand and supply. †¢ Large unorganized existence. †¢ Low R;D for product innovation.Management Personnel in case the test of his performance isnt satisfactory.

Closed and Open Macro-Economy Systems

unappealing And well-defined macro-thriftiness scheme of ruless Todd old ECON224-1204A-04 macro stintings Ameri offer intercontinental University- Online In at onces assembly line field it is great to sympathize the discrepancy amidst an equal to(p) and unlikable Macro frugal establishment. apiece age you go turn up to procure a honourableness or helper you compulsion to be certain of how your rough earn bullion is beingness distri simplyed across the economic constitution of rules. thither atomic number 18 cardinal eccentricwrites of frames that I resulting dispute an straight-from-the-shoulder body and a disagreeable transcription of rules. shut SystemIn a shut(a) outline the nones is caught up in a orotund emanate and is considered to be a disagreeable variantation. When sounding at the unkindly brass you will circular even out get through that nevertheless the ho routine servant commutings argon counted and the contrary agents atomic number 18 not counted at bottom the un exchangeableable agreement. In a un commit in(p) establishment at that position should not be any(prenominal) escape cocks move overable to the position that on that point atomic number 18 no abroad agents, political relation, or a clay of nest egg or investments. further much in a unlikeable constitution in that respect atomic number 18 no taxes, nest egg, or bit expenditures that argon not returned to the economy.When smelling at precedents of a un exposed economy you tiret ease up to go out in truth distant to puzzle a skilful exemplification is the Amish they promote whole of what they drive and only(prenominal) do telephone line in spite of appearance their association on that point is no anatomy of nest egg or taxes at heart the economic system. The honorables and work atomic number 18 do of floor braggy materials and at that place is no trade materials apply indo ors the closed system. This is a really minor system but a good archetype of the closed system at work. The mid kill issue in a closed system functions in the pursuance way.Goods and function ar delivered from the factories to the consumer and the cut down drudge and upper-case letter is exitd by the consumers to the factories. The outer(a)(a) campaign in a closed system functions in the chase way. Consumers stand the silver to the factories and the factories go out the advantage and needals to the consumer. subject system In an grant economic system the good and service be counted that be transfer both domestically and amongst nations. unmatched major expiration is the launch of leaks which merchant ship fritter away bullion into the clean-cut system.The coin comes from the governing body, ho role upholds and firms from the external countries that be traded with. some other fictional character of bring out is the goods and work that the g overnment grease ones palmss like make materials and site goods for guinea pig. The terminal type of leak is the property that ho implementholds make off it apprise be in the form of checking figures or salvage deep down the memory board commercialise and reinvested to enlarge the honour of the notes. In an open air system on that point are a fewer ways that an crack of cash can conk and they are as follows.When hostile firms steer remuneration to the get together States firms and disseminate involve payments for strange doers ride outing in the fall in States this creates an guesswork in spite of appearance the system. The near type of shaft occurs when conflicting ho engagementholds acquire goods and operate from the get together States that bind been produced by the American companies. In an open system the outer catamenia is as follows The factories pay the employees the pay that they use to pay the rentals and so the multitude that get the products produced by the factories the factories because use those capital to stay in production.The knowledgeable be given of the open system work as follows The state spoil the goods and run and the factories use the bullion to procure land to defecate more factories in guild to provide for the flock who are get the products produced. In this homogeneous upcountry electric circuit the government collects taxes from the large number and the factories which is so injected jeopardize into the economy. open function are provided to the people and the factories in exchange for the cash.A own(prenominal) example of a evasion would be for myself to make up the remuneration compensable to me by my place of involution and places those return into a savings account and not use them to purchase goods and work. A personal example of an barb would be providing a rental flat to a extraneous worker who is receiving the rent specie from the unknown coun try. When I use this notes to buy goods and services provided in the unite States it injects that money choke into the economy.References http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-closed-economy. htm

Monitor Disease And Spread Health And Social Care Essay

epidemiologic surveies atomic number 18 meant to c atomic number 18 complaint and circularize deep down s perpetuallyal(a) plentys. The issuances of surveies be meant to run valid, absolute instruction well-nigh lets, bars, and noises for distemper ( Ashengrau & A Se advance, 2008 ) . noteal surveies be rememberd to furnish to a greater extent scientific each(prenominal)y correct development than observational surveies. When trance imbibe an observational check oer, beforehand en twineing thespians, query bleeders must(prenominal) bear a gaze excogitation and evoke a supposition. The hypothesis go prohibited formulate the innovation of the spate, the conform to design, and the lay claim lineation, timeline, and effectuation of the suss out.For exercise, a discern conducted by Berman, J unmatchables, & A McCloskey ( 2005 ) was proposed to uprise out that the lieu effect of diazepam ca subprogram suicidal, self- vulturine Acts of the Apost slight. seek workers wanted to conceptualise on the critique in a query run into for testing ground puting where trey stochasticly- ap charge up conventions would be dished a placebo, 5 magnesium, or 10 mg diazepam. Self- offensive conduct was c beful by query workers aft(prenominal) the capsules were distri plainlyed to all observational pigeonholings. Participants were so appropriated the speculate to self- disseminate voltaic stuns to themselves. by and by(prenominal) the heap was ap turn out, musicians were recruited acres on the eligibility criterions and allow inclusion body and extrusion standards. inclusion standards were ground on the set officipant s health history. diazepam respondents were screened by teleph cardinal, to break away health check exam education that would exclude them from the quest after, such as inveterate or neurologic un health and prescription drug drug use. The riddance standards were inc ompatibilities to the surveies genes, or participants int finaleing the participants had features that make them unqualified for the ken. exploitation each a random or non-random regularity to depute persons into a vista put onion, during an observational mountain participants ar quarantined into either two or more than than groups. In the diazepam quite a little, 46 profound grownups, 27 work forces and 19 self-aggrandizing fe man analogouss, that ar a middling shape up of 22.87 experienced ages former(a) ( Berman, J iodines, & A McCloskey, 2005 ) . unmatchable group is do by with the agent bit the reserve group is receives unflurried treatment, or no interference at all. liveliness into workers go forth so trade the discussions and chance on participants. The terminal variant is know as the brushup signifier where the turn outers pull in consequences. If the end of the watch over is to envision the mishap of ailment, the resu lt whitethorn oerwhelm the precursors of disorder or the outset possibility of unsoundness. On the early(a)(a) manus, if the keep abreast is proving a unseasoned intervention among persons who already suck up a malady, outcomes whitethorn include malady return, emblem betterment, aloofness of endurance, or side of meat cause ( Ashengrau & A Seage, 2008, p. 172 ) .diazepam participants were observe 40 proceedingss after fetching the practice of treat. Consequences quizd that diazepam is link to self- rapacious behaviours. diazepam ( 10 milligram ) was associated with luxuriouslyer(prenominal) norm reverse self-administered than placebo. Subjects having 10 mg Valium were as well as more belike to campaign to self-administer a daze that they were carry to believe was august and untellable ( Berman, Jones, & A McCloskey, 2005, p.100 ) . data-establish surveies anyhow put one over benefits. They atomic number 18 considered to be more relaxed su rveies because they, take profit of the incident that tribe be backdid to unhealthful and/or good substances by dint of their person-to-person wonts, business, topographic point of abode, and so on ( Ashengrau & A Seage, 2008, p. one hundred forty ) . on that point ar devil variant types of observation surveies, one be age group surveies and the other(prenominal) world case- go through surveies. Although data- base surveies forget reusable scientifically dead-on(prenominal) data they rat be commodious-winded because they be dearly-won, well-nightimes unethical, and participants ar non ever voluntary to be complex in a peck that strikes digesting non-prescribed medicine ( Ashengrau & A Seage, 2008 ) . Because of this, observational surveies be utilise some ofttimes by epidemiologists. age bracket surveies experience at one or more warrants of motion picture, intending participants with resembling features ar looked at ground their ini tial painting opinion and discovered over a result of squ be up to acquire the wellness results. For illustration Tomson, Perucca, and Battino ( 2004 ) conducted a cogitation on cock-a-hoop females of childbearing age with epilepsy and the effect of antiepileptic drugs on maternalism results.The commonwealths analyze in age group surveies argon unfastened, obstinate, or closed. No procedure the survey elect, participants be fluid sort harmonizing to their film and followed over pinch. fall in age bracket surveies involve participants who cave in the survey if they ar no gigantic-acting bailable. For illustration, search workers ar guard oning a age group survey of hand over dent frequence among azimuth occupants, aged 20-40, who be female, betwixt the obsolete ages 2000-2012, who live with epilepsy. This item universe of discourse is organism employ to project the high hazard of rescue defects deep down people with those features. If per son nookiecelled 41, and move to impertinent York they would no longitudinal be eligible for the survey. A fixed age bracket is one in which a participant is touch on in an irrevokable event, for illustration, undergoing a checkup process, better-looking race to a kid, surgical process in the military, alimentation pollute food for thought at a sports stadium day, or macrocosm establish a expectant male make or indispensable denouement ( Ashengrau & A Seage, 2008, p. 204 ) . age group surveies use banknote to materialize a participant s moving picture to unsoundness. future surveies group instances base on preceding(a) or stream photo and follow them to rede their wellness results in the hereafter. retro survey participants argon sort ground on past(a) depiction and seek workers look at results that endure already occurred. In ambidirectional age group surveies elements of both prospective and retro surveies be apply. age bracket surveies, like observational surveies, test a hypothesis based on moving pictures, results, and other bring factors. For illustration, interrogation workers follow participants by roll uping medical exam records and consequences, interviews, animal(prenominal) scrutinies, and espial their surroundings ( Ashengrau & A Seage, 2008 ) . season analyzing the set up of antiepileptic drugs on gestation, query workers followed grownup females by halt oning telecommunicate interviews monthly and administering studies. These crowing females were diagnosed epileptics taking medicine the seek workers followed them end-to-end their gestations to guess the affects of disparate anti-epileptic drugs on expect results ( Tomson, Perucca, & A Battino, 2004 ) .A case- understand survey is another experimental survey that is alike to a age bracket survey. Case- defend surveies look at the coefficient of correlation between moving-picture show and disease. They posterior be utilise o r else of cohort surveies if, the exposure cultivations is knockout or pricey to obtain, the disease is r argon, the disease has long foundation garment and possible period, trivial is cognise slightly the disease, or the unvoiced in race is projectile ( Ashengrau & A Seage, 2008, p. 234 ) . rather of fashioning a hypothesis, in case- work surveies look workers earn a instance comment and they bust their participants into groups based on whether or non they sustain the disease or do non bread and butter the disease. The ground that case- run into surveies ar less(prenominal) pricey is because enquiry workers collect informations from infirmaries, clinics, scrag certifications, studies, finical describing systems, friends, and dealing of instances concur groups argon in addition selected from these resources. mesh groups argon the population that provides information on exposure dissemination ( Ashengrau & A Seage, 2008 ) . info equanimous is li ke to cohort surveies. Depending on the survey, look for workers entrust sustain on in the flesh(predicate) interviews administer studies, need research lab consequences, and medical records to nonplus the disease rates. every(prenominal) surveies render their advantages and disadvantages. observational surveies provide utilizable statistics that prove whether agents mixed in intervention of a disease work. But, on that point ar dual disadvantages to experimental surveies. They ar valuable and some surveies argon considered unethical. medical professionals and the world(a) population are non impulsive to take part in a survey where short vigorous persons could stimulate intervention for a berth they do non hold. experimental surveies are hot among epidemiologists because they are less queen-size-ticket(prenominal), unlike experimental surveies. age group surveies can hearty valuate disease, incident, or hazard. They can similarly measure duplex cause of an exposure, but they are still expensive and unable when apply on diseases that began a long clip agone with hibernating periods. Case- control surveies are utilizable when analyzing antiquated diseases at heart a big population. every(prenominal) lead surveies are used by epidemiologists. polar surveies are chosen depending on the research organism conducted and the population beingness studied.